Xiazhui: The Real Person Slash Novel That Triggers The Blockage of AO3 in China

Aiqing Wang

Abstract


Owing to its dual correlation with homosexuality and eroticism, danmei (Boys Love) in China is subject to state censorship, so in a hit online serial The Untamed adapted from a popular danmei novel, the male-male relationship between protagonists has been expurgated. Obsessed with the romance in the original narrative yet dissatisfied with the officially sanctioned adaptation, fangirls create fanfiction, including real person slash (RPS) based on the leading actor Xiao Zhan and his co-star from the The Untamed. Xiao’s fans reported a piece of RPS titled Xiazhui and Archaic of Our Own (AO3) that hosted it, causing AO3 to be blocked in China on 29th February 2020. Since Xiazhui features real celebrities, it concerns moral debates. Furthermore, Xiazhui pertains to Xiao’s fanbase whose acts are interconnected with toxic fandom and the so-called ‘heresy-style star worship’. More significantly, the contentious aspect of Xiazhui also lies in its homoerotic depictions that are regarded as indecent in a contemporary Chinese context.

 

To cite this article (7th APA style):

Wang, A. (2023). Xiazhui: The real person slash novel that triggers the blockage of AO3 in China. Journal Communication Spectrum: Capturing New Perspectives in Communication 13(1), 13-29. https://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36782/jcs.v13i1.2159

Keywords


Danmei, Boys Love, RPS, fandom, censorship

References


BBC News. (2018, November 19). Chinese erotic novelist jailed for 10 years for gay sex scenes. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-46257240

Bennett, A. (2014, April 21). People are getting arrested for writing fanfic. Bustle. https://www.bustle.com/articles/21890-writing-fan-fiction-in-china-could-get-you-arrested-proving-just-how-important-the-genre-really

Blanchard, B. (2009, August 13). Chinese parents “shed tears,” begged for Web curbs. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-internet/chinese-parents-shed-tears-begged-for-web-curbs-idUSTRE57C14Q20090813

Byrne, A. J., & Fleming, S. (2018). Sex sells (out): Neoliberalism and erotic fan fiction. The Journal of Popular Culture, 51(3), 693–715. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpcu.12680

Cai, X. (2020, March 3). Fan-fiction site blocked in China after celeb’s stans complain. SixthTone. https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1005262

Chao, S.-c. (2016). Grotesque eroticism in the Danmei genre: the case of Lucifer’s Club in Chinese cyberspace. Porn Studies, 3(1), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/23268743.2015.1119991

Chao, S.-c. (2017). Cosplay, cuteness, and weiniang: The queered keʹai of male cosplayers as ʺfake girlsʺ. In M. Lavin, L. Yang, & J. J. Zhao (Eds.), Boys’ love, cosplay, and androgynous idols: Queer fan cultures in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan (pp. 20–44). Hong Kong University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1rfzz65.7

China Daily. (2020, July 21). Xīnxíng wǎngluò bàolì huāyàng fānxīn, nǐ dōu jiànguò ma? [New types of cyber violence with new pattern, have you seen them all?]. Weibo. https://m.weibo.cn/detail/4529133612436432

Chou, D. (2010). Exploring the Meaning of Yaoi in Taiwan for Female Readers: From the Perspective of Gender. Intercultural Communication Studies, 19(1), 78–90.

Cyberspace Administration of China. (2020, March 8). Luòshí wǎngluò shēngtài xīn guī, gòng jiàn qīnglǎng wǎngluò kōngjiān [Implementing new internet ecosystem regulations, Building a clean cyberspace together]. http://www.cac.gov.cn/2020-03/08/c_1585208360001283.htm

Dalton, J. (2018, April 15). Protests in China as social media site Weibo bans homosexual content. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/weibo-gay-protests-china-homosexual-iamgay-hashtag-website-social-media-a8305596.html

Dines, G., Jensen, R., & Russo, A. (1998). Pornography: The production and consumption of inequality. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203949085

The Economist. (2020, July 2). Star wars: China’s devoted, combative celebrity fan clubs. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/china/2020/07/02/chinas-devoted-combative-celebrity-fan-clubs

Ellis-Petersen, H. (2016, March 4). China bans depictions of gay people on television. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/mar/04/china-bans-gay-people-television-clampdown-xi-jinping-censorship

Fan, R. (Ed.). (2011). The renaissance of Confucianism in contemporary China. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1542-4

Fathallah, J. (2018). Reading real person fiction as digital fiction: An argument for new perspectives. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 24(6), 568–586. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856516688624

Fèi Jiě Tā Dàyí. (2020, July 23). Xiào Zhàn bèi fěnsī kēng cǎnle, rúhé zhèngquè yǐndǎo fěnsī? Kàn kàn jǐ wèi ǒuxiàng de juézhāo ba [Xiao Zhan was the victim of his fans’ toxic behavior, so how do you properly guide fans? Here are some tips from other idols]. Sina Entertainment. https://k.sina.com.cn/article_6457861317_180eb24c500100muyl.html

Feng, J. (2009). "Addicted to beauty’’: Consuming and producing web-based Chinese danmei fiction at Jinjiang. Modern Chinese Literature and Culture, 21(2), 1–41.

Flood, A. (2018, November 20). Chinese writer Tianyi sentenced to decade in prison for gay erotic novel. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/nov/20/chinese-writer-tianyi-sentenced-to-decade-in-prison-for-gay-erotic-novel

Fujimoto, Y., & Quimby, J. (2015). The evolution of BL as ``playing with gender’’: Viewing the genesis and development of BL from a contemporary perspective. In M. McLelland, K. Nagaike, K. Suganuma, & J. Welker (Eds.), Boys love manga and beyond: History, culture, and community in Japan (pp. 76–92). University Press of Mississippi. https://doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781628461190.003.0004

Funabashi, K. (1995). Pornographic culture and sexual violence. In K. Fujimura-Fanselow & A. Kameda (Eds.), Japanese women: New feminist perspectives on the past, present and future (pp. 255–263). Feminist Press at The City University of New York.

Global Times. (2020, May 11). China’s history academy cautions students over celebrity worship. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202005/1188081.shtml

Gong, Q. (2020, May 7). Chinese actor Xiao Zhan’s apology video goes viral following AO3 controversy. Global Times. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202005/1187687.shtml

Guancha. (2014, July 24). Jinjiang literature cooperates with antipornography movement, inviting netizens to censor novels. https://www.guancha.cn/Media/2014_07_24_249906.shtml

Han, E. L. (2019). The discourse of Chinese social media: The case of Weibo. In C. Shei (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of Chinese discourse analysis (pp. 379–390). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315213705-26

Han, E. L. (2020). Journalism and mnemonic practices in Chinese social media: Remembering catastrophic events on Weibo. Memory Studies, 13(2), 162–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698017714833

He, Y. (2020, April 26). Xiào Zhàn xīngē rèmài 7500 wàn què rě zhēngyì, bèibào dà fěn qiáng xiāo rén rén zuìshǎo 105 zhāng, gōngzuò shì hūyù lǐxìng gòumǎi [Xiao Zhan’s new single sold 7500 million copies but it sparked controversy, it was revealed that some big fans were encouraged to buy at least 105 copies each, the studio has since called fans for rational purchasing]. Chongqing Morning News. https://www.cqcb.com/entertainment/2020-04-26/2357157.html

Hernández, J. C., & Zhang, A. (2018, November 19). Writer of erotic novels in China is jailed for producing gay pornography. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/19/world/asia/tianyi-china-erotic-novels-prison.html

Hills, M. (2018). An extended foreword: From fan doxa to toxic fan practices? Participations: Journal of Audience & Reception Studies, 15(1), 105–126.

Hinsch, B. (1990). Passions of the cut sleeve: The male homosexual tradition in China. University of California Press.

Hu, C. (2017). Deciphering `Nan Se consumption’ under consumerist culture. Journal of News Research, 8(22), 83–86.

Huang, Z. (2018, April 16). China’s LGBT people came out as a protest against an online ban on gay content. And it worked. Quartz. https://qz.com/1253130/sina-weibo-withdrew-its-ban-on-gay-content-after-chinas-lgbt-community-came-out-in-protest

Ifeng News. (2020, June 12). Lofter xià jià pī zhǐ hé Xiào Zhàn yǒuguān, lǜshī huíyīng [Lofter’s removal is alleged to be related to Xiao Zhan; lawyer responds]. https://i.ifeng.com/c/7xFVGegDIJd

The Independent. (2016, June 16). Gay woman sues Chinese government over “disorder” textbooks. . https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/gay-woman-sues-chinese-government-over-disorder-textbooks-china-a7085426.html

Jacobs, K. (2012). People’s pornography: Sex and surveillance on the Chinese internet. Intellect Books.

Jacobs, K. (2015). The afterglow of women’s pornography in post-digital China. Palgrave Macmillan.

Jì, X., & Long, J. (2014, May 29). "Wèishéme yào píngbì nǐ?" "Jìng wǎng" xíngdòng jìnxíng shí [``Why should we block you?’’ The ``Clean Internet’’ campaign is in progress]. Southern Weekend. https://www.infzm.com/content/101017

Jiaqi, L. (2020, March 17). Xiao Zhan scandal – why millions of Chinese shoppers boycotted Piaget and Estée Lauder because of homoerotic idol fan fiction. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3075420/xiao-zhan-scandal-why-millions-chinese-shoppers-boycotted

Jin Xià Shuō Xiàohuà. (2020, June 13). Dàilǐ lǜshī fǒurèn Xiào Zhàn yǔ Lofter xià jià yǒuguān: Jiāng sōují zhèngjù [Lawyer denies Xiao Zhan is connected to Lofter’s take-down: Evidence is being collected]. NetEase. https://www.163.com/dy/article/FF0AIQOM05493WSF.html

Jinjiang Literature City. (2022). Guānyú Jìnjiāng [About Jinjiang]. Jìnjiāng Wénxué Chéng [Jinjiang Literature City]. https://www.jjwxc.net/aboutus

Jones, B. (2018). `Stop moaning. I gave you my email. Give me a solution’: Walker Stalker Con, fantagonism and fanagement on social media. Participations: Journal of Audience & Reception Studies, 15(1), 252–271.

Ju, C. (2019a, August 30). How China’s star ship troopers are redefining modern fandom. Sixth Tone. https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1004494/how-chinas-star-ship-troopers-are-redefining-modern-fandom

Ju, C. (2019b, September 7). How China’s `Fan Circles’ are redefining modern fandom. Caixin Global. https://www.caixinglobal.com/2019-09-07/how-chinas-fan-circles-are-redefining-modern-fandom-101459662.html

Kang, W. (2012). Decriminalization and depathologization of homosexuality in China. In T. B. Weston & L. M. Jensen (Eds.), China in and beyond the headlines (pp. 231–249). Rowman & Littlefield.

Lai, L. T. (2022, June 22). Weibo Corporation MAUs 2022: Number of monthly active users of Weibo Corporation from 1st quarter of 2018 to 1st quarter of 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/795303/china-mau-of-sina-weibo

Larsen, K., & Zubernis, L. (2012). Fan culture: Theory/Practice. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Lau, M. P., & Ng, M. L. (1989). Homosexuality in chinese culture. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 13(4), 465–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00052053

Li, Xiaomeng. (2020). How powerful is the female gaze? The implication of using male celebrities for promoting female cosmetics in China. Global Media and China, 5(1), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/2059436419899166

Li, Xueli (Ed.). (2020, April 26). Xiào Zhàn “guāng diǎn” xiāoliàng bàozhǎng hé píngfēn bàodié de bèihòu, zhè shì yī chǎng qíngxù huà de bóyì [Behind Xiao Zhan’s single ``Spotlight’’ skyrocketing sales and plummeting ratings, there is an emotion-driven battle in play]. Chengdu Business Daily. https://static.cdsb.com/micropub/Articles/202004/3d6f7b8608724ef281b9f4662199471d.html

Lilja, M., & Wasshede, C. (2017). The performative force of cultural products: Subject positions and desires emerging from engagement with the Manga Boys’ Love and Yaoi. Culture Unbound: Journal of Current Cultural Research, 8(3), 284–305. https://doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.1683384

Lofter. (2020, June 12). Hé Lofter zài yīqǐ, wǒmen yuē hǎobù zǒu sàn [Together with Lofter, we agreed not to get apart]. Lofter App Website. https://lofterxms.lofter.com/post/1d6ce799_1c99fc844

Louie, K. (2012). Popular culture and masculinity ideals in East Asia, with special reference to China. The Journal of Asian Studies, 71(4), 929–943. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021911812001234

MacKinnon, C. A. (1993). Only words. Harvard University Press.

Mahyuni, E. (2020, May 2). China’s Xiao Zhan sets record with 33m downloads of digital single `Light Spot’. Malay Mail. https://www.malaymail.com/news/showbiz/2020/05/02/chinas-xiao-zhan-sets-record-with-33m-downloads-of-digital-single-light-spo/1862360

Martin, W. (1986). Recent theories of narrative. Cornell University Press.

Marwick, A., & Boyd, D. (2011). To see and be seen: Celebrity practice on Twitter. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 17(2), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856510394539

McGee, J. (2005). ``In the end it’s all made up’’: The ethics of fanfiction and real person fiction. In P. M. Japp, M. Meister, & D. K. Japp (Eds.), Communication ethics, media, and popular culture (pp. 161–180). Peter Lang.

McLelland, M. (2015a). Regulation of manga content in Japan: What is the future for BL? In M. McLelland, K. Nagaike, K. Suganuma, & J. Welker (Eds.), Boys love manga and beyond: History, culture, and community in Japan (pp. 253–273). University Press of Mississippi. https://doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781628461190.003.0013

McLelland, M. (2015b). New media, censorship and gender: Using obscenity law to restrict online self-expression in Japan and China. In L. Hjorth & O. Khoo (Eds.), Routledge handbook of new media in Asia (pp. 118–129). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315774626.ch10

McLelland, M. (2018). Introduction: Negotiating ``Cool Japan’’ in research and teaching. In M. McLelland (Ed.), The end of cool Japan: Ethical, legal, and cultural challenges to Japanese popular culture (pp. 1–30). Routledge.

McLelland, M. J. (2000). The love between `beautiful boys’ in Japanese women’s comics. Journal of Gender Studies, 9(1), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/095892300102425

McLelland, M., & Welker, J. (2015). An Introduction to ``Boys Love’’ in Japan. In M. McLelland, K. Nagaike, K. Suganuma, & J. Welker (Eds.), Boys love manga and beyond: History, culture, and community in Japan (pp. 3–20). University Press of Mississippi. https://doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781628461190.003.0001

Mòhai Xún Lóng. (2020, May 12). Rúhé zhèngquè yǐndǎo fěnsī lǐzhì zhuīxīng? Zhūyīlóng tuìhuán yìngyuán jīn, Lù Hán xīngē qǔxiāo dǎ bǎng [How to correctly guide fans to follow celebrities rationally? Zhu Yilong returned the support money, and Lu Han’s new song was canceled on the list]. NetEase. https://www.163.com/dy/article/FCE1KJNE05379XEV.html

Nagaike, K. (2015). Do heterosexual men dream of homosexual men? BL Fudanshi and discourse on male feminization. In M. McLelland, K. Nagaike, K. Suganuma, & J. Welker (Eds.), Boys love manga and beyond: History, culture, and community in Japan (pp. 189–209). University Press of Mississippi. https://doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781628461190.003.0010

Nanyang Siang Pau. (2019, July 17). Jìnjiāng Wénxué Chéng bèi lèlìng zhěnggǎi: Zhōngguó zhěngdùn wǎngluò wénxué [Jinjiang Literature City was ordered to rectify: China’s rectification of online literature]. Nanyang Siang Pau. https://www.enanyang.my/国际/晋江文学城被勒令整改-中国整顿网络文学

Negus, K. (2019). From creator to data: The post-record music industry and the digital conglomerates. Media, Culture & Society, 41(3), 367–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718799395

Ng, L. (2015). China’s elusive truths: Censorship, value and literature in the internet age. In N. Moore (Ed.), Censorship and the Limits of the literary: A global view (pp. 233–246). Bloomsbury.

Ning, S. (2014, May 15). "Jìng wǎng" fēi "jìn wǎng" wǎngluò xiě shǒu lù zài héfāng? [The “Clean Internet” is not the “Restricted Internet.” Where does the path lie for online writers?]. China News Network. https://www.chinanews.com/cj/2014/05-15/6173441.shtml

Paasonen, S. (2011). Carnal resonance: Affect and online pornography. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262016315.001.0001

Pang, A. (2020, March 8). How irrational fans ruined fan fiction site AO3 and their idol too. Global Times. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202003/1181942.shtml

Peng, W. (2015, August 19). Wǎngluò zuòzhě "zhǎngzhe chìbǎng de dà huī láng" huò huǎnxíng, shù běn xiǎoshuō bèi rèndìng wèi shè huáng [The online author known as the “Big Bad Wolf with Wings” received a suspended sentence, several of his novels were found to be pornographic]. The Paper. https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1366172

Popova, M. (2017). “When the RP gets in the way of the F”: Star image and intertextuality in real person(a) fiction. Transformative Works and Cultures, 25. https://doi.org/10.3983/twc.2017.01105

Proctor, W. (2017). “Bitches ain’t gonna hunt no ghosts”: Totemic nostalgia, toxic fandom and the ghostbusters platonic. Palabra Clave - Revista de Comunicación, 20(4), 1105–1141. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2017.20.4.10

Proctor, W. (2018). “I’ve seen a lot of talk about the #blackstormtrooper outrage, but not a single example of anyone complaining”: The Force Awakens, canonical fidelity and non-toxic fan practices. Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception Studies, 15(1), 160–179.

Proctor, W., & Kies, B. (2018). Editors’ introduction: On toxic fan practices and the new culture wars. Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception Studies, 15(1), 127–142.

Qin, C. (2020, May 23). Rénmín wǎng píng: Gè jìn qí zé, xiéshǒu gòng jiàn qīnglǎng wǎngluò kōngjiān [People’s Daily commentary: Everyone should fulfill their responsibilities, join hands to build a clean cyberspace]. People’s Daily. https://opinion.people.com.cn/n1/2020/0523/c223228-31720561.html

Romano, A. (2020, March 1). China has censored the Archive of Our Own, one of the internet’s largest fanfiction websites. Vox. https://www.vox.com/2020/3/1/21159275/china-ao3-archive-of-our-own-banned-censorship

Roney, T. (2013, December 18). Chinese Pornwars. The World of Chinese. https://www.theworldofchinese.com/article/chinapornwars

Russ, J. (1985). Pornography by women for women, with love. In Magic mommas, trembling sisters, puritans & perverts: Feminist essays (pp. 79–99). Crossing Press.

Russell, D. E. H. (Ed.). (1993). Making violence sexy: Feminist views on pornography. Teachers’ College Press.

Russell, D. E. H. (1998). Dangerous relationships: Pornography, misogyny and rape. SAGE Publications.

Sang, T.-L. D. (2003). The emerging lesbian: Female same-sex desire in modern China. University of Chicago Press.

Schiavenza, M. (2013, April 16). Job posting of the day: Chief pornography identification officer. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/04/job-posting-of-the-day-chief-pornography-identification-officer/275040/

Shan, J. (2019, March 6). Highly organized and well-trained fandom in China becomes an industry. Global Times. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201903/1141134.shtml

Shen, C., & Li, Y. (2011, March 21). Zhèngzhōu pòhuò huángsè xiǎoshuō wǎngzhàn qiānyuē zuòzhě duō shì 20 suì zuǒyòu nǚhái [Zhengzhou busts pornographic novel website, most of the registered authors are 20-year-old girls]. Sina Henan. https://henan.sina.com.cn/news/z/2011-03-21/63-63378.html

Shepherd, C. (2018, November 19). Ten years’ jail term for Chinese author of homoerotic novel sparks outcry. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-censorship/ten-years-jail-term-for-chinese-author-of-homoerotic-novel-sparks-outcry-idUSKCN1NO0RH

Song, G. (2004). The fragile scholar: Power and masculinity in Chinese culture. Hong Kong University Press.

Southern Weekend. (2014, July 24). Wǎngluò wénxué píngtái yāo wǎngyǒu shěnhé xiǎoshuō: Bó zǐ yǐxià bùnéng miáoxiě [Online literature platform invites netizens to review novels: No descriptions below the neck can be made]. https://news.sohu.com/20140724/n402654450.shtml

Suzuki, K. (1998). Pornography or therapy? Japanese girls creating the Yaoi phenomenon. In S. A. Inness (Ed.), Millennium girls: Today’s girls around the world (pp. 243–267). Rowman & Littlefield.

Thomas, B. (2014). Fans behaving badly? Real person fic and the blurring of the boundaries between the public and the private. In B. Thomas & J. Round (Eds.), Real Lives, Celebrity Stories Narratives of Ordinary and Extraordinary People Across Media (pp. 171–186). Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781501306853.ch-009

Tian, X. (2015). Slashing three kingdoms: A case study in fan production on the Chinese web. Modern Chinese Literature and Culture, 27(1), 224–277.

van Gulik, R. H. (2003). Sexual life in ancient China: A preliminary survey of Chinese sex and society from Ca. 1500 B.C. Till 1644 A.D. E. J. Brill. (Original work published 1961)

Wang, A. (2020). Censorship and circumvention in China: How danmei writers ‘drive a car’ on jinjiang. International Journal of Media Culture and Literature, 6(2), 137–168. https://doi.org/10.17932/iau.ijmcl.2015.014/ijmcl_v06i2003

Wang, C. Y. (2019). Officially sanctioned adaptation and affective fan resistance: The transmedia convergence of the online drama Guardian in China. Series: International Journal of TV Serial Narratives, 5(2), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2421-454X/9156

Wang, S. (2020). Chinese gay men pursuing online fame: Erotic reputation and internet celebrity economies. Feminist Media Studies, 20(4), 548–564. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2020.1754633

Wang, X., Juffermans, K., & Du, C. (2016). Harmony as language policy in China: An internet perspective. Language Policy, 15(3), 299–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-015-9374-y

Wang, Y. (2017). Yúlè shídài de nánsè xiāofèi: "Xiǎo xiān ròu" pīpàn [Nan Se consumption in entertainment era: A criticism of ‘little fresh meat’]. Shanghai Artists, 3, 56–60.

Wei, J. (2014). Queer encounters between Iron Man and Chinese boys’ love fandom. Transformative Works and Cultures, 17. https://doi.org/10.3983/twc.2014.0561

Wei, W. (2008, May). Resistance in dreaming: A study of Chinese online Boy’s Love fandom. The 58th Annual Conference of the International Communication Association.

Wei, W. (2017). Good gay buddies for lifetime: Homosexually themed discourse and the construction of heteromasculinity among Chinese urban youth. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(12), 1667–1683. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1253393

Welker, J. (2015). A brief history of shōnen’ai, yaoi, and boys love. In M. McLelland, K. Nagaike, K. Suganuma, & J. Welker (Eds.), Boys love manga and beyond: History, culture, and community in Japan (pp. 42–75). University Press of Mississippi. https://doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781628461190.003.0003

Whitelocks, S. (2017, March 6). “It’s like cartoon pornography”: Parents outrage over children’s sex education book featuring illustrations of genitals. Daily Mail. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/peoplesdaily/article-4286604/It-s-cartoon-pornography-Parents-rage-sex-ed-book.html

Willis, I. (2016). Writing the fables of sexual difference: Slash fiction as technology of gender. Parallax, 22(3), 290–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/13534645.2016.1201920

Worth, H., Jing, J., McMillan, K., Su, C., Fu, X., Yuping, Z., Zhao, R., Cui, J., Kelly-Hanku, A., & Youchun, Z. (2017). “Under the same quilt”: The paradoxes of sex between men in the cultural revolution. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1172879

Worth, H., Jun, J., McMillan, K., Chunyan, S., Xiaoxing, F., Yuping, Z., Zhao, R., Kelly-Hanku, A., Jia, C., & Youchun, Z. (2019). ‘There was no mercy at all’: Hooliganism, homosexuality and the opening-up of China. International Sociology: Journal of the International Sociological Association, 34(1), 38–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580918812265

Wu, C. (2004). Homoerotic sensibilities in late imperial China. Routledge.

Wu, J. (2003). From “long yang” and “dui shi” to tongzhi: Homosexuality in china. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 7(1), 117–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2003.9962338

Wu, Q. (2020, April 10). Xiàmén dàxué jiàoshòu lì tǐng “xiàzhuì”, bèi Xiào Zhàn fěnsī wǎng bào, Xiàmén dàxué de wéi bó lúnxiàn [Xiamen University professor supports “Falling”, becomes a target of online harassment by Xiao Zhan’s fans, Xiamen University’s official Weibo account falls into chaos]. Sohu. https://www.sohu.com/a/386976168_99972756

Wu, Y. (2020, March 12). Xiào Zhàn shìjiàn: Méiyǒu shènglì zhě de zhànzhēng [Xiao Zhan incident: A war without a winner]. People’s Daily. https://legal.people.com.cn/n1/2020/0312/c42510-31629212.html

Xie, Y., & Peng, M. (2018). Attitudes toward homosexuality in China: Exploring the effects of religion, modernizing factors, and traditional culture. Journal of Homosexuality, 65(13), 1758–1787. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1386025

Xinhuanet. (2020a, June 29). Qīngshàonián zhuīxīng diàochá: Jǐngtì fàn quān sīwéi qīnshí zhǔliú jiàzhíguān [Survey on idol-chasing adolescent: Beware of fan circle mentality eroding mainstream cultural values]. Xinhuanet. http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2020-06/29/c_1126170695.htm

Xinhuanet. (2020b, July 21). Gēngxīn “wǔqì kù”, yùnzuò jiǎ yúqíng! Xīnxíng wǎngluò bàolì yǒu zǔzhī, yǒu cèhuà, xíngchéng yī mén hēi chǎnshēng yì [Updating their “arsenal,” orchestrating fake public opinion! The new type of cyber violence is organized and planned, forming a black industry]. Xinhuanet. http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2020-07/21/c_1126263679.htm

Xu, Y., & Yang, L. (2013). Forbidden love: incest, generational conflict, and the erotics of power in Chinese BL fiction. Journal of Graphic Novels & Comics, 4(1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/21504857.2013.771378

Yang, L. (2017). ʺThe world of grand unionʺ: Engendering trans/nationalism via boysʹ love in Chinese online hetalia fandom. In M. Lavin, L. Yang, & J. J. Zhao (Eds.), Boys’ love, cosplay, and androgynous idols: Queer fan cultures in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan (pp. 45–62). Hong Kong University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1rfzz65.8

Yang, L., & Bao, H. (2012). Queerly intimate: Friends, fans and affective communication in aSuper Girlfan fiction community. Cultural Studies, 26(6), 842–871. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2012.679286

Yang, L., & Xu, Y. (2016). Danmei, Xianqing, and the making of a queer online public sphere in China. Communication and the Public, 1(2), 251–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047316648661

Yang, L., & Xu, Y. (2017). Chinese danmei fandom and cultural globalization from below. In M. Lavin, L. Yang, & J. J. Zhao (Eds.), Boys’ love, cosplay, and androgynous idols: Queer fan cultures in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan (pp. 3–19). Hong Kong University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1rfzz65.6

Yang, L., & Xu, Y. (2018). ‘The love that dare not speak its name’: The fate of Chinese danmei communities in the 2014 anti-porn campaign. In M. McLelland (Ed.), The end of cool japan: Ethical, legal, and cultural challenges to Japanese popular culture (pp. 163–183). Routledge.

Yang, P., & Tang, L. (2018). “Positive energy”: Hegemonic intervention and online media discourse in China’s Xi Jinping era. China: An International Journal, 16(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2018.0000

Yang, R. (2019, March 22). Wǔhàn dānměi xiě shǒu juàn rù fēifǎ jīngyíng zuì gèrén zhì chūbǎn zǒuxiàng héfāng [Wuhan Danmei writer was involved in illegal business crimes. What is the future of self-published works?]. Caixin. https://china.caixin.com/2019-04-22/101407203.html

Yang, R., & Teng, J. X. (2019, May 27). In depth: Author’s jailing rocks China’s online gay-themed fiction community. Caixin Global. https://www.caixinglobal.com/2019-05-27/in-depth-authors-jailing-rocks-chinas-online-gay-themed-fiction-community-101419630.html

Yeh, K.-H., & Bedford, O. (2003). A test of the dual filial piety model. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 6(3), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-839x.2003.00122.x

Yin, P. (2005, August 25). Web Writing. Beijing Review, 34, 30–32.

Yu, Z. (2020, March 13). Here’s what you need to know about ‘The 227 incident’: Actor and internet star Xiao Zhan recently vanished from social media – here’s why. Time Out Shanghai. https://www.timeoutshanghai.com/features/Blog-Blog/72433/Heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-'The-227-Incident'-.html

Zhang, C. (2016). Loving boys twice as much: Chinese women’s paradoxical fandom of “boys’ love” fiction. Women s Studies in Communication, 39(3), 249–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2016.1190806

Zhang, C. Y. (2017). When feminist falls in love with queer: Dan Mei culture as a transnational apparatus of love. Feminist Formations, 29(2), 121–146. https://doi.org/10.1353/ff.2017.0019

Zhang, M. (2021). ‘Keep the fantasy within a circle’: Kai Wang and the paradoxical practices of Chinese real person slash fans. Celebrity Studies, 12(2), 346–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2020.1765074

Zhang N. (2020, May 7). Xiào Zhàn shǒucì shòu fǎng wèi fěnsī shìjiàn zhìqiàn: Dàn wǒ bù rèntóng “guǎnlǐ” fěnsī [Xiao Zhan apologizes for the fan incident in his first interview: But I don’t agree with “managing” fans]. Yangzi Evening News. https://www.yzwb.net/content/919458.html

Zhang, Q., & Negus, K. (2020). East Asian pop music idol production and the emergence of data fandom in China. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 23(4), 493–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877920904064

Zhao, J. J., Yang, L., & Lavin, M. (2017). Introduction. In M. Lavin, L. Yang, & J. J. Zhao (Eds.), Boys’ love, Cosplay, and androgynous idols: Queer fan cultures in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan (pp. xi–xxxiv). Hong Kong University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1rfzz65.5

Zheng, X. (2019). Survival and migration patterns of Chinese online media fandoms. Transformative Works and Cultures, 30. https://doi.org/10.3983/twc.2019.1805

Zhou, C. (2017). “Nánsè xiāofèi”——nán xīng dàiyán nǚxìng huàzhuāngpǐn guǎnggào de xiāofèi wénhuà tànxī [“Nan Se consumption”: Cultural analysis of advertisements featuring male celebrities for female cosmetics]. Culture & Communication, 6(31), 1–5.


Full Text: PDF (en)

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.


Indexed by:

http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/sinta-333_120 http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/doaj_120_02 http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/base_120 http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/smalllogo_120 http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/ebsco_120http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/crossref_120. http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/admin/googlescholar_logo_120 http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/wcd_120http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/admin/garuda1_120_01 http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/admin/neliti-blue_02_120 http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/wroad_120 http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/news-217_120 http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/scilit_120 http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/onesearch_1_160 http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/mas_176

Archived in:

http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/imperial_120 http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/aut_120 http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/leiden_120 http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/t_lib_120 http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/bu-lib_120 http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/m_libraries_120 http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/565_2_120 http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/harvard_lib_120

Listed in:

http://journal.bakrie.ac.id/public/site/images/bambang/iamcr_120

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION RESEARCH